What Development Led To A Change In The Electoral College System Following The Election Of 1800?

The Election of 1800 and the Federalist Legacy

The presidential election of 1800 represented the first peaceful transfer of power betwixt political parties in U.Due south. history.

Learning Objectives

Describe the presidential election of 1800

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• In the presidential election of 1800, the incumbent President John Adams and his fellow Federalist candidate, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, challenged the Republican duo of incumbent Vice President Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
• Adams faced reelection in the midst of crisis away, unpopularity at home, and a divided Federalist Party; in the finish, he was narrowly defeated by Jefferson in what became known equally the Revolution of 1800.
• Though this was the showtime peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history, the ballot campaign was characterized past slander and personal attacks on both sides.
• Due to an unforeseen flaw in the Constitution of 1787, the election was conceded to the House of Representatives, where Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, competed for the part.
• The Twelfth Amendment of 1804 afterward changed this system of voting past creating a "political party ticket" system in which the candidates for president and vice president were clearly delineated and ran as a team, with each team receiving one electoral vote.
• The twelve years of Federalism left a long-lasting and important legacy: Through the supposition of state debts, the enactment of protective tariffs, and its position on neutrality, the Federalist regime had proved its strength.

Key Terms

• Transfer of Power: The action of switching control of the government betwixt rival political parties.
• Revolution of 1800: The U.Southward. presidential election in which Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams.

Background to the 1800 Ballot

In the presidential election of 1800, incumbent President John Adams and his fellow Federalist candidate, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, challenged the Republican duo of incumbent Vice President Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. President Adams faced reelection in the confront of crisis abroad, unpopularity at home, and a divided Federalist Party. Vice President Jefferson led a newly galvanized Democratic-Republican Party that was outraged over what it saw as Federalist abuses and enlargements of executive potency, especially in the grade of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Entrada

The 1800 election campaign was characterized by slander and personal attacks on both sides. Federalists spread rumors that the Democratic-Republicans were radicals who would ruin the state (based on the Democratic-Republican support for the French Revolution). Meanwhile, the Democratic-Republicans defendant Federalists of destroying republican values past favoring aristocratic, anti-republican principles. Democratic-Republicans promoted the vision of a decentralized economy that favored yeoman agriculture, minimal and simple federal regime, and maximum freedom of mobility and opportunity for white men. In short, Democratic-Republicans stressed the virtues of austerity, private labor, independence, self-reliance, and (white male) equality, which they pitted against their perceived notions of Federalists as protectors of the wealthy and of commercial and aristocratic interests.

While Democratic-Republicans were firmly aligned behind Jefferson and Burr, the Federalists began to fracture. A faction of so-called "High Federalists" emerged under Alexander Hamilton, who strongly opposed Adams' reelection. Hamilton, in an effort to demolition Adams in favor of electing the vice-presidential candidate Charles Pinckney, wrote a scathing 54 page criticism of Adams that accidentally became public when it landed in the hands of the Democratic-Republicans. Rather than align support for Pinckney, Hamilton's criticism embarrassed Adams and the Federalist political party, exposing their internal divisions to the public.

Election Results

Because each state could choose its own election day, voting lasted from April until Oct. In the end, Jefferson won a narrow victory over Adams (73 to 65 balloter votes) with New York casting the decisive vote. Many factors led to the defeat of the Federalists, including meliorate organization by the Autonomous-Republicans, internal fighting between Adams and Hamilton supporters, and the controversy of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Other decisive factors in the Jefferson victory were Jefferson's popularity in the South and the constructive campaigning of Aaron Burr in New York State, where the legislature (which selected the Balloter College) shifted from Federalist to Autonomous-Republican and cast the deciding vote. Jefferson swept the South, helped forth past the Three-Fifths Clause of the Constitution, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of assigning electoral votes and gave additional power to the slave states. Jefferson likewise had strong support in the costless states; simply New England solidly supported Adams.

Thomas Jefferson: Founding male parent and 3rd president of the United States.

An unexpected glitch occurred, nonetheless, that led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr. Considering the framers of the Constitution did non foresee the rise of political parties, the Constitution of 1787 stipulated that the vice president would but be the person who received the second-most electoral votes. So in social club for Jefferson to be elected president and for Burr to be elected vice president, one of the Democratic-Republican electors in the Electoral College would take to abstain. The Democratic-Republicans, nonetheless, neglected to take 1 of their electors abstain from voting for Burr, creating a tie between Jefferson and Burr that threw the election into the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives as dictated past the Constitution.

In gild to spite the Autonomous-Republicans, a number of congressional Federalists kept Burr'south chances alive. Information technology was only afterward dozens of ballots that Federalist Alexander Hamilton finally threw his support to Jefferson—viewing Burr every bit unsteady, unscrupulous, and the lesser evil of the two—and Jefferson was officially elected president. Hamilton'south personal attacks on Burr's graphic symbol would eventually lead to their duel and Hamilton's subsequent decease.

Transfer of Power

In his countdown address, Jefferson sought to cool partisan tempers, proclaiming that, "we are all Federalists, we are all Republicans." This was the showtime peaceful transfer of political power in the history of the republic, and Democratic-Republicans hailed Jefferson's victory as the "Revolution of 1800." The transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans in a peaceful manner was the well-nigh pregnant and surprising event of the election and was singled out as a intermission from European precedent of violent and bloody power transfers.

In part, the peaceful transfer of power was due to the fact that the authorities change did not necessarily signal a complete overhaul of Federalist policies. Despite the partisan polarization that occurred in the election of 1800, Jefferson's early presidency embodied both Federalist and Autonomous-Republican policies that facilitated a stable transition of ability during an otherwise volatile political flow.

In response to the chaos of the ballot, the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution was adopted in 1804, calling for a "political party ticket" consisting of ane presidential and one vice presidential candidate. This amendment stipulated that the president and vice president would be elected on separate ballots of the Electoral College, preventing ties in the future.

Lasting Federalist Influence

The twelve years of Federalism left a long-lasting and important legacy. The assumption of country debts by the federal authorities, the enactment of protective tariffs to protect domestic manufactures, and the successful suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania proved the force of the new federal government. Abroad, Washington and then Adams managed to avoid (barely) becoming embroiled in the war raging between Neat Britain and Revolutionary French republic while increasing the country'south naval forcefulness. Overall, the Federalists established that the new ramble regime was vigorous and capable.

The Birth of Political Parties

During the early on years of the U.Southward. authorities, the new commonwealth saw the firm and unexpected institution of a two-party political arrangement.

Learning Objectives

Differentiate between factional splits and political parties in the early commonwealth

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• While most of the founding fathers of the U.s. viewed the very idea of political parties as contrary to the principles of the American Revolution, the early republic experienced the business firm establishment of the two-party system in the U.s.a..
• By the beginning Washington administration, two political tendencies had solidified into two rival political parties: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.
• Federalists favored a powerful central government and an economy based on commerce and manufacturing; Democratic-Republicans, on the other hand, favored a less-powerful central authorities and an economy that was built around farming and the trades.
• As a consequence, the Elections of 1796 and 1800 were bitterly contested, with the beginnings of modern political entrada mechanism evident in every state in the Wedlock.
• With the election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 and the relative success of his Democratic-Republican administration, the Federalists grew increasingly weak.

Cardinal Terms

• ratification: The official fashion to confirm something, usually past vote.
• Era of Good Feelings: A menstruation in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity amid Americans.
• The War of 1812: A war machine conflict fought between the forces of the United states of America and those of the British Empire.
• partisan: Adherent to a party or faction.

Development of Political Parties

The founders of the Constitution did not foresee the evolution of political parties. For many, political parties were associated with the abuse and authoritarianism of the British Parliament. It was nearly universally believed that the new republic ought to be costless from " factions." While the founders envisioned a competition in the new government among competing interests, few foresaw these interests uniting into formal political parties. Withal, the stresses the new authorities faced soon exposed different ideas about the management of the new federal republic.

The first two political parties grew out of the early factions that had formed around the debate over ratification of the Constitutions. The Federalist party, which had grown out of the Federalist faction supporting ratification, favored a powerful key authorities and an economy based on commerce and manufacturing. The Democratic-Republicans, who arose out of the Anti-Federalist faction opposing ratification, favored a less-powerful central government and an economy that was built around farming and the trades.

The differences exposed during the fight over ratification became even more than prominent during President Washington's administration. The Federalists tended to focus on the financial programs of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, while Democratic-Republican Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson led those who had been prominent in the Anti-Federalist cause. The differences between these 2 parties were deep, lasting, and of great consequence.

Analyzing the Parties

Partisan rancor in the first decades of the democracy tin can perhaps exist partially explained past the dramatic regional, economic, ideological, and cultural differences betwixt the two political parties. Each pursued visions of a future United States that tended to exclude each other. The Federalists were an urban and commercial party that maintained that the Constitution ought to be loosely interpreted and a powerful fundamental government established. Federalism was concentrated in the bustling maritime towns and cities of New England and in the plantation districts of the Chesapeake Bay and S Carolina. Its members generally came from the upper-eye and upper classes, who opposed political commonwealth.

In dissimilarity, the Democratic-Republicans were a rural, agrestal party. They agreed that the Constitution ought to be strictly interpreted, fearing that a powerful central government would simply aid those who were already wealthy and influential. Their greatest strength was in farming districts throughout the country and among the working classes of the burgeoning cities. Unlike the Federalists, the Democratic-Republicans were confirmed supporters of political commonwealth.

The land also was driven past the global disharmonize betwixt Great Britain and Revolutionary France during the 1790s. Federalists tended toward supporting Britain, while Autonomous-Republicans favored French republic. Conflict between the two parties heightened with the passage by Federalists of the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798, which sought to curtail oral communication confronting the Federalist government. After the passage of the Conflicting and Sedition Acts, Adams and the Federalists grew increasingly unpopular.

Transfer of Ability in 1800

The ballot of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 marked a success for the Democratic-Republican party and the decline of the Federalist party. The political fate of the Federalist party was then sealed past the seemingly treasonable behavior of leading Federalists during the War of 1812. Afterwards the war, for a brief period, partisan differences seemed to disappear. The disintegration of the Federalist party seemed to leave only the Democratic-Republican party continuing. This and then-called "Era of Good Feelings" during Monroe's administration fabricated many wonder if the founders were right to discount parties. Withal, after Monroe left office, new partisan differences flared up, instituting the Second Political party Organisation.

1800 Federalist poster: At the left a Democrat says, "This Pillar shall not stand I am determin'd to support a just and necessary State of war" and at the right a Federalists claims, "This Pillar must come downwards I am a friend of Peace." Washington (in heaven) warns party men to permit all 3 pillars of Federalism, Republicanism, and Republic stand to hold up Peace and Plenty, Liberty and Independence.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-election-of-1800/

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